4^th World Congress on Pediatric Neurology and Pediatric Surgery September 16-17, 2020 Bangkok, Thailand

Neurochemistry is the specific study of neurochemicals including neurotransmitters and other molecules (such as psychopharmaceuticals) that influence the function of neurons. This field closely examines how these neurochemicals influence the network of neural operation. It is believed that variations in brain chemistry may explain a variety of behavioral disorders and phenomena. Some chemical compounds appear to have long-term effects. Nicotine, for example, is heavily involved with neurotransmitter dopamine. These external influences on brain chemistry can cause behavioral changes or alterations in the way the brain functions.

Neuroscience is the study of how the nervous system develops, its structure, and what it does. Neuroscientists focus on the brain and its impact on behavior and cognitive functions. Not only is neuroscience concerned with the normal functioning of the nervous system, but also what happens to the nervous system when people have neurological, psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Children differ from adults in several aspects of pharmacotherapy, together with capabilities for drug administration, medicine-related toxicity, and taste preferences. It is essential that Pediatric medicines are developed to best suit a child’s age, size, physiologic condition, and treatment needs. To ensure adequate treatment of all children, completely different routes of administration, dosage forms, and strengths may be needed. Clinicians need population-specific, evidence-based clinical tools to produce safe and effective drug therapy support for neonatal and Pediatric patients. These clinical tools should be up-to-date, evidence-based drug dosing information, as well as functionality that provide warnings for inappropriately entered dosage values.

Movement disorders may result from many varieties of brain injury, such as head trauma, infection, inflammation, metabolic disturbances, toxins or unintended adverse effects of medications. They will even be a proof of different, underlying diseases or conditions, together with genetic disorders.

The brain structures that are affected are thought to incorporate the basal ganglia, the motor parts of the cortex, the thalamus, the cerebellum and/or brainstem. All these structures are thought to act together in a network, thus injury to only one may be enough to cause a movement disorder.

Pediatric psychology encompasses a wide variety of areas. These areas include developmental, contextual, and psychosocial factors that can contribute to Pediatric psychological and physical issues. It additionally includes the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of Pediatric medical conditions, prevention of Pediatric medical conditions (physical and psychological), educating the general population on Pediatric health, promoting health-related behaviors, advocating for child and family public policies, and improving Pediatric healthcare delivery services.

Cerebral disorders commonly cause psychiatric symptoms. Almost all brain disorders may cause psychiatric symptoms.

Pediatric Nursing is the medical care of neonates and children up to adolescence, usually in an inpatient hospital or day-clinic. The Pediatric nursing and Neuro-critical Care Program could be a multi-dimensional effort to boost the neurological outcomes of children with vital illnesses that includes care, research, education and advocacy. The care of pediatrics within the program is multi-disciplinary endeavor from a variety of faculty and staff from Critical Care Medicine, Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Trauma Surgery, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nursing, Respiratory Therapy and from different Departments.

Neuro-Ophthalmology is a specialty that concentrates on the neurological problems related to the eye. Like we tend to all apprehend, the human eye captures the visuals it sees and transmits to the brain to be resolved as pictures. There are several parts of the brain that are involved with precise control of eye movements. Difficulty within these regions often produces misalignment of the eyes with resultant double vision.

Current proof indicates that inveterately disrupted sleep in children and adolescents will result in issues in psychological feature functioning. Behavioral interventions for Pediatric sleep problems. Children who have sleep disorders could usually exhibit symptoms (inattentiveness, over-activity, restlessness) similar to ADHD.

Behavioral disorders are the most common reasons that parents are told to take their kids for mental health assessments and treatment. Behavioral disorders are also common in adults. Unlike other types of health issues, a behavioral disorder will have mostly emotional symptoms, with physical symptoms such as a fever, rash, or a headache being absent. However, generally, folks littered with an activity disorder can develop an abuse downside that may show physical symptoms like burnt fingertips, bloodshot eyes.

Developmental disorders comprise a bunch of psychiatric conditions originating in childhood that involve serious impairment in numerous areas. These behavior problems will place vital stress on children, parents, and families, and make substantial barriers to participation in social and community activities.

Differently from the adult patients, in Pediatric age it is most difficult task involved and treat efficaciously the pain and often this symptom is undertreated or not treated. In children, selection of appropriate pain assessment tools should consider age, cognitive level and the presence of eventual disability, type of pain and the situation in which it is occurring. Improved understanding of developmental neurobiology and paediatric analgesic drugs pharmacokinetics should facilitate a better management of childhood pain.

Pediatric neurogenetic disorders are diseases of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and muscles that are caused by changes in genes or chromosomes. There are hundreds of neurogenetic disorders that may present in very different ways. They may cause problems from birth or only become evident in later childhood. They include malformations of the brain, neurodevelopmental disorders, genetic syndromes as well as problems such as seizures, loss of muscle tone, balance, and learning.

Surgery is one of the parts of medication that manages the prescription of sicknesses and different issue by instrumental and manual methods. Surgery incorporates the administration of intense wounds and ailments as isolated from incessant, bit by bit propelling infections, beside when patients with the last sort of malady must be worked upon. There are numerous motivations to have Surgery. A couple of tasks can ease or thwart the agony. Others can lessen an indication of an issue or improve some body work. A couple of Surgery are done to find an issue. The various kinds of Surgery are; general medical procedure, plastic medical procedure, orthopedic medical procedure, obstetrics and gynecology, neurosurgery, thoracic medical procedure, colon and rectal medical procedure.

Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), including tumors of the brain and spinal cord, are the most common solid tumors in pediatrics. These tumors are heterogeneous, there are a number of different sort of tumors and different biologic behavior. Pediatric CNS tumors differ from adult CNS tumors in histology, biology, pathophysiology, and location. Overall survival for pediatrics with tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) has step by step improved, and 5-year survival currently approaches by 70%.

Pediatric urology is a urologic subspecialty of medicine dealing with the disorders of children's genitourinary systems. Pediatric urologists provide care for both boys and girls ranging from birth to early adult age. A Pediatric urologist is a surgeon trained to correct or improve congenital anomalies (birth defects) of the kidneys, bladder, ureters, or genitalia. However, many of the problems seen in a Pediatric Urology clinic are treated without surgery. These might include urinary incontinence, urinary tract infections, vesicoureteral reflux, among many others.

A child's musculoskeletal problems are different from those of an adult. Because children are still growing, the body's response to injuries, infections, and deformities may be quite different than what would be seen in a full-grown person. Children with complex Pediatric problems are best managed by a medical-surgical team approach. Pediatric orthopaedic surgeons diagnose, treat, and manage children's musculoskeletal problems, such as:

• Limb and spine deformities noted at birth or later in life (clubfoot, scoliosis, limb length differences)

• Gait abnormalities (limping)

• Broken bones

• Bone or joint infections and tumors

The pathophysiologic manifestations of many of these disorders differ from analogous adult problems because of the added dimension of growth. The physician's relationship with the Pediatric patient generally occurs in the context of a protective family environment, in contrast to the more independent relationship the physician may form with an adult.

Childhood cancer makes up less than 1% of all cancers in the population diagnosed each year. Cancer in children can occur anywhere in the body, including the blood and lymph node system, brain and spinal cord (central nervous system; CNS), kidneys, and other organs and tissues. There is an increasing amount of research regarding cancer in children diagnosed after the age of 14. As these children are starting to enter young adulthood, they may have unique medical, social, and emotional needs that are different from younger children with cancer. They are part of a group often called adolescents and young adults.

Neonatal and Pediatric Surgery is a broad field with many challenges. The treatment of neonates with oesophageal has been one of the main challenges for pediatric surgeons. The current survival rate is 93%. Much of this improvement is due to the close collaboration between pediatric surgeons, neonatologists, intensivists, anesthetists and nurses. Over the last decades, because of the development of several clinical and technological advances, there has been a revolution in the management of neonatal and pediatric patients. This progress reported an improvement in the survival rate of extremely ill neonates, who now have the chance to survive into adulthood. The intent of this review is to highlight not only the advances obtained in the neonatal surgery but also the results of a multidisciplinary work focused on the fetus, preterm and newborn baby with a surgical anomaly or disease. Attention is also paid to the recent tendency to share knowledge, protocols, and database out of the single Institution or country and to follow these delicate and fragile neonatal patients to the adulthood, developing the transitional care.

Heart surgery in children is done to repair heart defects a child is born with (congenital heart defects) and heart diseases a child gets after birth that needs surgery. The surgery is needed for the child's wellbeing. Congenital heart diseases are currently treated in the pediatric age. However, a conspicuous number of patients requires treatment in the adult age. The scope of pediatric cardiology practice is extensive. Pediatric Cardiologists evaluate and care for fetuses, neonates, infants, children, adolescents, young adults, and adults. Special areas of clinical and academic interest include Intensive Cardiac Care, Cardiac Catheterization and Intervention, Electrophysiology, Imaging, Fetal Cardiology, Exercise Physiology, Preventive Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation, and Pulmonary Hypertension. Cardiology is practiced in both inpatient and outpatient settings.

Neurosurgical issues seen by Pediatric neurosurgeons are quite completely different from those ordinarily seen by general neurosurgeons. Because Pediatric neurosurgical issues often are present for life, children with nervous system problems frequently require close, on-going follow-up from childhood — sometimes as early as the newborn period — through the teenage years.

Neurosurgery is one in all the newer surgical disciplines to develop, originally gaining recognition in the early 1900s. However, it's currently one in all the foremost leading-edge medical disciplines within the world of science and drugs and involves the utilization of a number of the foremost advanced technologies presently offered.

Drug metabolism in children may differ from adults and adverse events may occur that are not predictable from the adult experience. Clinical trials of safety and efficacy are needed both for new treatments and those that may already be in use but have not been tested in infants and children.

Neuroimaging refers to techniques that produce images of the brain without requiring surgery, incision of the skin, or any direct contact with the inside of the body. Because these technologies enable non-invasive visualization of the structure and functionality of the brain, neuroimaging has become a powerful tool for both research and medical diagnosis. Common methods include positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), multichannel electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG), and near-infrared spectroscopic imaging (NIRSI). PET, fMRI, and NIRSI can measure localized changes in cerebral blood flow related to neural activity.

Autoimmune disorders are diseases in which the body’s immune system attacks healthy tissue. These disorders can affect many different parts of the body. Autoimmune disorders that affect their central nervous system(the brain and spinal cord). These disorders can affect a child’s ability to eat, walk, talk, think or move normally.

Neuromuscular diseases have an effect on the lower motor neurons of the nervous system, which may include the muscles, nerves, or the junction between muscles and nerves (known as a neuromuscular junction). There are many different of Pediatric neuromuscular disease types. These may include inherited neuropathies, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, and muscular dystrophies such as Duchenne, congenital myasthenic syndromes, and congenital myopathies.